Videos A to Z

• Bonding: Energy levels

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  Niels Bohr discovered that electrons are arranged in energy levels. Each energy level can hold certain numbers of electrons. The first can hold 2, the second can hold up to 8, and the 3rd can hold up…  » more info

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• Bonding: Examples of atoms

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has all the properties of that element. Each different element is made up of a different kind of atom.  » more info

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• Bonding: Hydrogen and chlorine bond

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  Hydrogen has a covalent bond with chlorine, which has seven electrons in its outermost energy level. When they bond, both outer energy levels become complete.  » more info

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• Bonding: Ion

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  An ion is a charged atom that has gained or lost electrons.  » more info

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• Bonding: Ionic bond

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  In ionic bonding, oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other. In this animation, the sodium atom has one electron in its outermost level and the chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost…  » more info

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• Bonding: Metallic bond

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  In a metallic bond, positively charged ions are surrounded by a sea of electrons, which are attracted to multiple nuclei at the same time. Outer electrons tend to be very mobile.  » more info

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• Bonding: Neutral charge

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  When an atom has an equal number of positively charge protons and negatively charged electrons, it has a neutral charge.  » more info

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• Bonding: Subatomic particles

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles: protons, which have a positive charge; neutrons, which have a neutral charge; and electrons, which have a negative charge.  » more info

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• Bonding: Subatomic particles in carbon

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles: protons, which have a positive charge; neutrons, which have a neutral charge; and electrons, which have a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus…  » more info

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• Bonding: Water bond

  
  • 3-5
  • 6-8
  • 9-12

  Water consists of a chemical compound formed between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The atoms are connected to one another via a covalent bond.  » more info

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